If you’re looking for a sleeping bag that will keep you warm during chilly nights, but won't add too much weight to your backpack, a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag might just be the perfect option for you. However, before committing to buying one, there are a few factors you should consider to ensure you choose the best one for your needs.
Firstly, you should evaluate the climate and weather conditions of your usual camping destinations. Will the sleeping bag keep you warm enough in temperatures of 20 degree Fahrenheit? Secondly, think about the size and weight of the sleeping bag. You want it to be light enough to carry on your backpack, but not so small that you feel suffocated inside it. Lastly, check the materials, insulation and features of the sleeping bag to ensure they align with your needs.
Are you tired of lugging around a heavy sleeping bag on your backpacking trips? Do you want a comfortable option that won’t take up too much space in your pack? If so, a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag could be a game-changer for you. But with so many options on the market, it can be hard to know which one to choose. What materials and insulation are best for your climate? Should you go for a mummy or rectangular shape? By answering these questions, you can find the perfect sleeping bag to help you enjoy a comfortable and restful night's sleep on your next outdoor adventure.
10 Best Lightweight 20 Degree Sleeping Bag
# | Product Image | Product Name | Product Notes | Check Price |
---|---|---|---|---|
1
|
The Kelty Kids Mistral Synthetic Sleeping Bag is ideal for keeping kids warm in temperatures as low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit.
|
|
||
2
|
The product is ideal for couples or families who enjoy camping, hiking, and outdoor activities in temperatures around 20 degrees.
|
|
||
3
|
Ideal for adults camping or backpacking in cold weather conditions and seeking a warm and waterproof sleeping bag with pillow.
|
|
||
4
|
Ideal for camping, hiking, and backpacking trips where a lightweight and compact sleeping bag is necessary.
|
|
||
5
|
The product is ideal for camping and outdoor activities in cooler temperatures, ranging from 20-30 degrees Fahrenheit.
|
|
||
6
|
Ideal for backpacking and camping with its ultralight weight, zipperless design, and 20-degree temperature rating.
|
|
||
7
|
Ideal for adults who enjoy backpacking, camping and hiking in colder weather with a lightweight, compact and warm sleeping bag.
|
|
||
8
|
The product is ideal for lightweight and warm sleeping during outdoor activities such as camping and hiking.
|
|
||
9
|
Ideal for camping and backpacking in colder temperatures while being lightweight, compact, and affordable.
|
|
||
10
|
The Nemo Tempo Sleeping Bag is ideal for outdoor camping and backpacking in various temperatures.
|
|
1. Kelty Kids 20°f Cloudloft Sleeping Bag
Experience a warm and comfortable sleep through the night with this cozy sleeping bag. It is designed with cloudloft synthetic insulation that provides excellent warmth retention, even in damp conditions. The insulation is lightweight, which makes it easy to carry around on your outdoor trips.
This sleeping bag is made with a durable shell and liner that can withstand tough outdoor conditions. The shell and liner are lightweight, which reduces the overall weight of the sleeping bag. Additionally, the offset quilting design ensures that there are no cold spots, providing an even distribution of warmth throughout the sleeping bag.
The sleeping bag features a natural fit spacious footbox that allows you to wiggle your toes and move around comfortably. Say goodbye to cramped toes and enjoy a relaxing sleep in the great outdoors.
The sleeping bag comes with a stuff sack, making it easy to pack and carry around on your outdoor adventures. The stuff sack is designed to compress the sleeping bag into a smaller size, which saves space in your backpack.
2. Kingcamp Double Sleeping Bag: Couples Camping Essential
Introducing the KingCamp Backpacking Flannel Cotton Double Sleeping Bag – a spacious and cozy sleeping solution for couples or individuals who like to stretch out. Measuring at a whopping 87 x 59 inches, this queen size sleeping bag can comfortably accommodate individuals up to 7ft tall. Its extra-thick design and premium hollow fiber insulation ensure maximum warmth retention while keeping heat loss to a minimum. Its soft flannel lining provides a plush and velvety feel, making you feel warm and comfortable even in the coldest weather.
The KingCamp sleeping bag is designed with convenience in mind. It comes with two small pillows that provide excellent neck and body support, ensuring a restful and relaxing sleep. It also features a double-sided zipper with an anti-snag mechanism, allowing for easy opening and closing from inside or outside the sleeping bag. The zipper can be fully unzipped, allowing the sleeping bag to be separated into two individual compact bags for backpacking. With zippers on both sides, either person can easily get in and out of the sleeping bag without disturbing the other.
This versatile sleeping bag is not limited to outdoor adventures. It can be fully unzipped and laid flat to transform into two separate large blankets, perfect for movie nights, picnics, or grass concerts. The package includes a compression sack that makes it easy to carry and store. Weighing only 8.81 lbs and with a package size of 19.6 ×11.4 inches, it is lightweight and easy to transport.
Choosing a double sleeping bag is a great option for couples or friends who love to camp or embark on outdoor activities. The KingCamp Backpacking Flannel Cotton Double Sleeping Bag offers the perfect combination of comfort, warmth, and space. Its high-quality polyester and heavy-duty stitching ensure durability, making it a reliable and long-lasting companion for your outdoor adventures.
3. Cozymum: 4-Season Waterproof Mummy Sleeping Bag
Looking for a sleeping bag that will keep you warm and cozy during your outdoor adventures? Look no further than the 400 GSM Mummy Sleeping Bag with Fluffy Pillow.
Thanks to its thermally-efficient mummy shape, quilted construction, and innovative fiber filling, this sleeping bag can keep you comfortable in temperatures as low as 30℉. The drawstring hood also helps to keep warm air in and cold air out, ensuring that you stay snug throughout the night.
But comfort isn't just about staying warm – it's also about getting a good night's sleep. That's why this sleeping bag comes with a soft, fluffy pillow that provides the support your head needs. Lightweight and packable, the pillow is easy to take with you wherever you go.
When it comes to practical design, this sleeping bag has you covered. With a girth of 67" at the shoulders, 55" at the hips, and 39.4" at the foot, it can comfortably accommodate people up to 6.5 feet tall. And when you're ready to pack up and go, it folds down easily into its compression bag, which weighs just 6.2lbs.
But staying warm isn't just a matter of comfort – it's also a matter of safety. That's why this sleeping bag features a waterproof 210T ripstop polyester shell that protects against wind and wet weather. And with its compact mummy shape, it effectively blocks out cold air to keep you toasty all night long.
Finally, this sleeping bag includes a range of thoughtful details that make it stand out from the crowd. The drawstring hood contours to your face for added warmth, while the reversible locking zipper and anti-snag draft tube make it easy to get in and out. And with an internal storage pocket for your phone and wallet, you'll have everything you need right at hand.
In short, the 400 GSM Mummy Sleeping Bag with Fluffy Pillow is the perfect choice for anyone who wants to stay warm, comfortable, and safe during their outdoor adventures.
4. Teton Sports Altos-S 0f Ultralight Mummy Sleeping Bag For Camping, Hiking, Backpacking (Orange)
Experience enhanced comfort, warmth, and convenience during your outdoor adventures with the TETON Sports Sleeping Bag. This spacious bag boasts a built-out footbox that provides extra room for your feet, as well as ample shoulder and leg room for a more comfortable sleeping experience.
Not only is this sleeping bag roomy, but it is also incredibly warm. Its lofty, lightweight, and highly compressible design allows for unrivaled warmth, and its water-resistant material ensures that you stay dry in damp conditions.
Take this mummy sleeping bag with you anywhere, from your backyard to the backcountry, and enjoy a worry-free adventure. Never stress about rolling your sleeping bag again, as TETON provides a great compression sack for stuffing your sleeping bag. Simply start at the bottom and stuff the bag in, then tighten the heavy-duty straps.
Rest easy knowing that TETON Sports stands behind their product. If you have any questions or concerns, their amazing product support team is just a phone call away. Count on TETON Sports to take care of you and get you back outdoors. Choose the TETON Sports Sleeping Bag for superior comfort, warmth, and convenience on your next adventure.
5. Big Agnes Anthracite | 20-30 Degree Fireline Pro Synthetic Fill Mummy Sleeping Bag
The Anthracite traditional down mummy bags are the perfect combination of technical performance and lightweight design, making them ideal for any outdoor adventure. With their high thermal value, compressibility, and comfort level, these bags are perfect for use both on and off the trail.
The contoured hood of the bag provides added warmth and a comfortable fit, while the low-profile cordlock allows for easy adjustment of the hood with just one hand. The insulated tube along the upper hood opening seals out drafts when cinched, and the built-in oversized anti-draft collar and no-draft zipper ensure that you stay warm and cozy all night long. The bags can also be mated together to snuggle up with your tent mate.
The shell and lining of the bags are made of soft and cozy GRS certified recycled polyester, while the Fireline Pro Eco insulation is 100% post-consumer recycled polyester with high loft to efficiently trap heat and silky fibers to provide a soft feel and great compression for packability.
The bags are incredibly easy to use, with a two-way, anti-snag zipper that provides a smooth, quick zip and allows for easy ventilation on warmer nights. The bags also come with a storage sack and stuff sack, and feature exterior loops for hang drying or storage.
The regular 20-degree bag weighs just 2 lb 12 oz, compresses down to 9” x 9”, and fits individuals up to 6’ / 183 cm. With their lightweight design, high-quality materials, and ease of use, the Anthracite traditional down mummy bags are the perfect choice for any outdoor enthusiast looking for a comfortable and warm sleeping solution.
6. Sierra Designs Ultralight Dridown Sleeping Bag
The Cloud sleeping bag by Sierra Designs is a lightweight and innovative mummy-shaped sleeping bag that boasts impressive features and comfort while maintaining an impressively low weight. The 15D nylon ripstop fabrics make it incredibly lightweight, and the self-sealing foot vent ensures optimal comfort. With its zipperless design, the Cloud provides a seamless and peaceful sleep experience, while the cinch cord hood and draft dodger baffle keep warmth in.
The Cloud sleeping bag is EN tested for performance, ensuring that it meets rigorous standards for comfort and temperature regulation. Additionally, the sleeping bag features an 800 Fill Power DriDown insulation, which is both lightweight and durable. The sleeping bag also boasts a sleeping pad sleeve, which keeps the sleeping pad in place and allows for a more comfortable sleep.
The specs of the Cloud sleeping bag are equally impressive. Weighing in at just 1lb 13oz, it is incredibly lightweight and easy to carry. With dimensions of 6'0" in length, 60" in shoulder girth, 58" in hip girth, and 40" in footbox girth, it is perfectly designed to fit most people. The sleeping bag comes with a storage bag and stuff sack for easy transport.
The Cloud sleeping bag has a temperature rating of EN Limit 15 F and EN Comfort 26 F. As a rule of thumb, the “Limit” rating should be applied for men, and the “Comfort” rating should be applied for women. This ensures that both men and women can enjoy comfortable and restful sleep in various conditions.
Finally, Sierra Designs offers a Limited Lifetime Warranty for all of their products, including the Cloud sleeping bag. When purchased from an authorized retailer, the sleeping bag is warranted to the original purchaser against manufacturing defects in materials and workmanship for the lifetime of the product. Customers can contact the Sierra Designs Customer Service team for prompt service or to answer any questions.
7. Zttenlly Ultralight 4-Season Adult Sleeping Bag
Looking for a sleeping bag that can keep you warm and comfortable during outdoor activities? Look no further than ZTTENLLY's sleeping bag, designed to offer warmth and convenience in a lightweight and compact package.
When choosing a sleeping bag, temperature ratings are important, and ZTTENLLY's sleeping bag offers two options. The 30℉ model has a comfort rating of 41℉, a limit rating of 30℉, and a risk rating of 5℉, while the 20℉ model has a comfort rating of 32℉, a limit rating of 20℉, and a risk rating of -11℉. Additionally, the regular fit can accommodate individuals up to 5'11", while the long fit can fit individuals up to 6'7". It's important to consider your own needs and the environment when choosing a sleeping bag.
One of the standout features of ZTTENLLY's sleeping bag is its ease of carrying. Despite being filled with 33.5 oz of premium duck down, the regular model weighs only 3.4 lb, and the long model weighs only 3.9 lb. When compressed, the sleeping bag takes up a minimum volume of 11.4 * 7.4 * 7.4in, making it ultra-lightweight and easy to transport.
When it comes to warmth, ZTTENLLY's sleeping bag is comparable to sleeping under a comforter. The 550FP and 600FP down fill works to block any cold air from entering and heat from escaping, while zipper draft tubes, 20D water-repellent shells, and a U-shaped neck collar all help to reduce heat loss.
In terms of design, the sleeping bag is user-friendly with an anti-clip design and two-way zipper, making it easy to get in and out of. It also has the versatility to serve as a sleeping mat and quilt, or the soles of your feet can be opened separately to let air in.
Finally, ZTTENLLY's semi-rectangular shape strikes a balance between the difficult-to-flip mummy style and the heat-losing envelope style. This design offers both freedom and warmth, making it an ideal choice for outdoor enthusiasts.
8. Marmot Ironwood 20 Degree Mummy Lightweight Sleeping Bag
For outdoor enthusiasts who want to experience a better night's sleep, the Ironwood Sleeping Bag from Marmot is a must-have. This lightweight mummy-style sleeping bag is designed to provide optimum warmth and comfort for cold nights in the great outdoors.
To ensure that you have extra room to stretch your feet, the Ironwood Sleeping Bag has been constructed with an anatomically shaped footbox. This feature is designed to give you a better fit, providing a more comfortable night's sleep.
When you're out in the wilderness, staying warm and dry is crucial, and the Ironwood Sleeping Bag has you covered. It has been EN tested to provide warmth in temperatures as low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit, making it the perfect choice for chilly nights. Made with 650-fill power down with Down Defender, this sleeping bag is also designed to improve water resistance, so it remains comfortable even in wet conditions.
The Ironwood Sleeping Bag also features ground-level side seams and a hood draw cord to help regulate heat, ensuring that you stay warm and comfortable throughout the night. Snags can be a real problem when you're trying to get a good night's sleep, but the Ironwood Sleeping Bag has been designed to prevent this. It features a snagless insulated draft tube and a full-length, locking YKK two-way zipper with an anti-snag slider. A zipper garage is also included to help keep the zipper closed and away from your skin.
Marmot is committed to improving the human experience, and the Ironwood Sleeping Bag is no exception. It features an internal stash pocket for easy access to small gear, as well as two hang loops and a stuff sack for convenient transporting and storage. Marmot also backs every product they make with a lifetime warranty, so you can be confident in your purchase. There's no need to register your product, and Marmot covers you from the moment you make your purchase.
9. Sea To Summit Trailhead 20-Degree Synthetic Sleeping Bag
Introducing the 20-degree Fahrenheit (-7-degree Celsius) Synthetic Sleeping Bag, an ideal choice for backpacking and travel during three seasons. This sleeping bag boasts a relaxed mummy shape with a shaped hood and zipper draft tubes that keep you warm and comfortable during your outdoor adventures.
The sleeping bag's synthetic polyester insulation uses WaveLoft construction to maximize loft and trap warm air, ensuring a cozy and comfortable sleeping experience. The 30D nylon shell with DWR treatment adds an extra layer of protection, making it durable and water-resistant.
Equipped with YKK zippers, the full-length left-side zip with two sliders provides ventilation and versatility. The sleeping bag can be fully unzipped for use as a quilt, allowing you to adjust the temperature according to your preference.
The relaxed mummy shape of the sleeping bag offers ample room to sleep comfortably, and the removable straps on the underside attach to a sleeping pad for added convenience. The regular size bag has a maximum user height of six feet, making it suitable for most individuals. Moreover, the bag weighs just three pounds and compresses to 10.2 liters with the included compression sack, making it easy to carry and store.
10. Nemo Tempo Sleeping Bag (20, 30, 50 Degree)
The sleeping bag has been designed with a unique Relaxed Spoon shape that offers maximum comfort for side sleeping. The synthetic Stratofiber fill provides excellent warmth and moisture resistance while keeping the packed volume to a minimum. To ensure optimal temperature regulation and comfort, the sleeping bag features a Blanket Fold external draft collar that can be tucked in as required. Additionally, the sleeping bag has an integrated pillow pocket that allows users to stuff in a jacket, extra clothes, or Fillo to create a convenient pillow on-the-go. Moreover, the sleeping bag is equipped with zipper plow hardware that ensures a snagless zip. The sleeping bag is perfect for campers, hikers, and outdoor enthusiasts looking for a comfortable and warm sleeping bag to take on their next adventure.
Best Lightweight 20 Degree Sleeping Bag FAQs
Are there any lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags that offer additional insulation for colder weather?
Yes, there are several lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags that offer additional insulation for colder weather. One example is the NEMO Forte 20 Sleeping Bag. This sleeping bag is designed to keep you warm in temperatures as low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit, and it also features a unique "Thermo Gills" system that allows you to vent excess heat if you start to feel too warm. Additionally, the bag has a "blanket fold" that provides extra insulation around the neck and shoulders, as well as a draft tube along the zipper to prevent cold air from seeping in. Another option is the Marmot Trestles Elite Eco 20 Sleeping Bag, which is made from recycled materials and features a combination of synthetic and down insulation for maximum warmth. This bag also has a draft tube and hood to keep you cozy in colder temperatures. Other lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags with additional insulation include the Mountain Hardwear Lamina Eco AF and the Kelty Cosmic 20.
Are there any recommended brands or models for a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag that are particularly popular among outdoor enthusiasts?
Yes, there are several recommended brands and models for a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag that are popular among outdoor enthusiasts. One of the most popular brands is Western Mountaineering, known for their high-quality down sleeping bags that are both warm and lightweight. Their Ultralite and Alpinlite models are both highly rated options for a 20 degree bag.
Another popular brand is Feathered Friends, which also specializes in down sleeping bags. Their Egret UL 20 and Swallow UL 20 models are both lightweight options that are highly regarded by outdoor enthusiasts.
Other recommended brands include REI, with their Magma 15 and Igneo 17 models, and NEMO Equipment, with their Forte 20 and Disco 15 models.
When considering a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag, it is important to also consider factors such as size, weight, and insulation type (down or synthetic). It is recommended to do research and read reviews to determine which brand and model will best suit your needs and preferences.
Can a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag be used for camping in all seasons?
A lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag may not be suitable for camping in all seasons. While it may provide enough warmth for spring and summer camping, it may not be sufficient for fall and winter camping when temperatures can drop below 20 degrees Fahrenheit. It is important to choose a sleeping bag that is rated for the lowest possible temperature you may encounter during your camping trip. Additionally, factors such as altitude, wind, and humidity can affect how warm or cold you feel while sleeping, so it is always a good idea to check the weather forecast before your trip and bring extra layers or a warmer sleeping bag if needed. It is also important to consider the type of camping you will be doing, as backpacking and car camping may require different types of sleeping bags based on weight and packability.
How does the compressibility of a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag affect its performance?
The compressibility of a lightweight 20-degree sleeping bag can significantly affect its performance. Compressibility refers to how well the sleeping bag can be compressed and packed into a small space. A highly compressible sleeping bag means that it can be packed down into a small size, which is useful for backpackers and hikers who need to save space and reduce the weight of their gear.
When it comes to performance, a highly compressible sleeping bag can provide better insulation and warmth. The insulation material in the sleeping bag traps warm air, which helps to keep the user warm. A compressed sleeping bag has less air volume, which makes it harder for the insulation material to trap warm air. Therefore, a sleeping bag with good compressibility will be able to maintain its insulation properties and keep the user warm, even in cold temperatures.
In summary, the compressibility of a lightweight 20-degree sleeping bag is an important factor to consider when choosing a sleeping bag. A highly compressible sleeping bag can provide better insulation and warmth, making it a good choice for outdoor enthusiasts who need to pack light and stay warm.
How much does a high-quality lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag typically weigh?
A high-quality lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag can weigh anywhere from 1.5 to 3 pounds. The weight of the sleeping bag largely depends on the materials used to make it. High-quality materials such as down insulation and lightweight fabrics can significantly reduce the weight of a sleeping bag without sacrificing warmth or durability. It is important to note that while a lighter sleeping bag may be more convenient for backpacking or travel, it may also come with a higher price tag. Additionally, the temperature rating of the sleeping bag should also be considered when selecting a lightweight option, as a lower temperature rating may result in a heavier bag. Ultimately, the weight of a sleeping bag should be balanced with other factors such as warmth, durability, and cost to ensure the best fit for individual needs.
What are the key features to look for in a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag?
When looking for a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag, there are several key features that you should consider to ensure that you get the right one for your needs. Firstly, it's important to look for a bag that is made from high-quality materials, such as durable and lightweight nylon or polyester, that will be able to withstand the wear and tear of outdoor use.
Additionally, you should consider the insulation of the sleeping bag. Look for a bag that is filled with synthetic or down insulation that will provide ample warmth without adding too much bulk or weight to the bag.
Another important feature to consider is the size and weight of the bag. Look for a bag that is compact and lightweight enough to easily fit in your backpack without taking up too much space or adding too much weight.
Other features to consider include the shape of the bag, the type of zipper, and the type of hood or collar that the bag has. By taking all of these factors into account, you should be able to find a lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag that meets all of your needs and provides you with a comfortable and warm place to sleep on your outdoor adventures.
What is the average cost of a good quality lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag?
The average cost of a good quality lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag can vary depending on the brand, materials used, and features. However, you can expect to pay anywhere between $100 to $300 for a high-quality sleeping bag that has a temperature rating of 20 degrees Fahrenheit. Keep in mind that investing in a good quality sleeping bag is essential for a comfortable and safe outdoor experience, especially if you're planning on camping in colder temperatures. It's important to consider the weight and packability of the sleeping bag as well, as these factors can greatly impact your ability to carry and store the sleeping bag while on the go. Additionally, researching different brands and reading reviews from other outdoor enthusiasts can help you make an informed decision and find the best deal.
What is the best lightweight 20 degree sleeping bag currently available on the market?
There are several options for the best lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags currently available on the market. One of the popular choices is the Feathered Friends Egret UL 20. It is a premium down sleeping bag that weighs only 1 pound and 15 ounces, making it one of the lightest and most compressible 20-degree sleeping bags available. The Egret UL 20 is filled with high-quality 950+ fill power goose down and has a Pertex® Quantum shell that is both lightweight and durable. Another great option is the Western Mountaineering UltraLite sleeping bag, which weighs only 1 pound and 13 ounces and is filled with 850+ fill power goose down. It also features a lightweight yet durable shell made from Pertex® Quantum fabric. Other lightweight 20-degree sleeping bags worth considering include the Marmot Hydrogen, the Therm-a-Rest Hyperion, and the NEMO Forte. Ultimately, the best option will depend on your personal preferences and needs.
What is the temperature rating of the best lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags?
The temperature rating of the best lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags can vary depending on the brand, materials used, and other factors. However, most lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags have a temperature rating of around 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit. It is important to note that these ratings are based on the assumption that the user is wearing appropriate clothing and using a sleeping pad, as well as other factors such as metabolism and personal preferences. It is also important to consider the insulation type, such as down or synthetic, and their respective pros and cons. Ultimately, it is recommended to research and compare different brands and models, and to choose the one that best fits your needs and preferences.
Which materials are commonly used to make lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags?
Lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags are a popular choice for backpackers and campers who need to keep warm in cold weather while also keeping their gear weight to a minimum. The materials commonly used to make these sleeping bags are synthetic fibers, down feathers, or a combination of both.
Synthetic sleeping bags are made from polyester fibers that are designed to mimic the insulating properties of natural materials. They are typically less expensive than down sleeping bags and can still provide excellent warmth and comfort. Synthetic sleeping bags are also a good choice for people who may have allergies to down feathers.
Down sleeping bags are made from the soft under plumage of geese or ducks. Down feathers provide excellent insulation and are extremely lightweight and compressible. They are a great choice for cold weather camping because they can keep you warm in temperatures as low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit. However, down sleeping bags are typically more expensive than synthetic sleeping bags and can be more difficult to care for.
In conclusion, both synthetic and down materials are commonly used to make lightweight 20 degree sleeping bags, and the choice between the two will depend on personal preferences and budget.